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This one is about: Statistics; Increase in Birth Defects 1979 - 1987
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[2] Rolv Terje Lie and others, "A Population-Based Study of the Risk of Recurrence of Birth Defects," NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol. 331, No. 1 (July 7, 1994), pgs. 1-4.
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TABLE 1
Birth Defects: Annual Percent Change in Occurrence During 7-year
Period, 1979-80 to 1986-87, United States
=================================================================
. Annual
. Number of Percent
. defects per change in
DEFECT TYPE 10,000 births occurrence,
. ------------------ 1979-80 to
. 1979-80 1986-87 1986-87
FACIAL CLEFTS
Cleft palate without cleft lip 5.05 5.33 0.8%
Cleft lip 7.76 9.35 2.7%
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Hydrocephalus without spina bifida
. (fluid in the skull) 4.34 5.84 4.3%
Encephalocele (gap in the skull) 1.10 1.16 0.8%
Microcephalus (small head) 2.12 2.61 3.0%
..
EYES
Anophthalmos (absence of eyes) 0.57 0.68 2.6%
Congenital cataract
. (eye cataracts at birth) 0.71 1.02 5.3%
Coloboma of eye (eye parts missing) 0.21 0.40 9.6%
Aniridia (absence of the iris) 0.07 0.10 5.2%
..
HEART
Common truncus
. (undeveloped main arteries)9 0.19 0.40 11.2%
Transposition of great arteries
. (reversal of main arteries) 0.87 1.45 7.6%
Tetralogy of Fallot
. (4 common defects simultaneously) 0.73 1.82 13.9%
Ventricular septal defect
. (opening between lower chambers) 11.34 20.49 8.8%
Atrial septal defect
. (opening between upper chambers) 1.16 3.69 18.0%
Endocardial cushion defect 0.34 0.95 15.8%
Pulmonary valve atresia and stenosis
. (obstructed blood flow) 0.58 3.44 29.0%
Tricuspid valve atresia and stenosis
. (obstructed blood flow) 0.16 0.36 12.3%
Aortic valve stenosis and atresia
. (obstructed blood flow) 0.22 0.79 20.0%
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
. (undeveloped left side) 0.56 1.25 12.2%
Patent ductus arteriosus
. (pulmonary artery open to aorta) 17.87 35.43 10.3%
Coarctation of aorta
. (constriction of the aorta) 0.74 1.15 6.5%
Pulmonary artery anomaly 1.12 2.66 13.2%
Lung agenesis and hypoplasia
. (undeveloped lungs) 1.66 3.84 12.7%
..
GASTROINTESTINAL
Tracheoesophageal anomalies
. (upper airway problems) 1.86 2.49 4.3%
Rectal and intestinal atresia
. (blockage) 3.23 3.80 2.3%
..
GENITOURINARY
Renal agenesis and hypoplasia
. (one kidney or small kidneys) 1.23 2.34 9.6%
Bladder exstrophy
. (gap in abdomen,
. revealing bladder) 0.29 0.33 1.9%
..
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Reduction deformity, upper limbs
. (arms deformed or missing) 1.53 1.58 0.5%
Reduction deformity, lower limbs
. (legs deformed or missing) 0.78 0.83 0.9%
Congenital arthrogryposis
. (contracted or bent limbs) 1.33 1.93 5.5%
..
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Source: Larry D. Edmonds and others, "Temporal Trends in the Prevalence of Congenital Malformations at Birth Based on the Birth Defects Monitoring Program, United States, 1979-1987," MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT, CDC SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES Vol. 39, No. SS-4 (December, 1990), pg. 22.